History in Alois Riegl’s Theory

Alois Riegl, an Austrian art historian and a key figure in the development of art historical methods, made significant contributions to the study of art history.  This study is an overview of history in Alois Riegl’s theory of history and how his ideas have influenced subsequent generations of art historians.

History in Alois Riegl’s Theory

1. Table of Contents

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   Historical Types:

   • Definition: Riegl introduced the concept of “historical types” (German: “Kunstwollen“) to describe the specific artistic tendencies and preferences of different historical periods.
   • Kunstwollen: Riegl argued that each historical period has its own Kunstwollen, which shapes the artistic production of that time.

2. Voluntary and Involuntary Trends:

   • Voluntary Trends: Riegl identified “voluntary” trends as conscious artistic choices made by artists in response to the cultural and historical context of their time.
   • Involuntary Trends: In contrast, “involuntary” trends were seen as unconscious or unintentional aspects of artistic creation that emerged organically.

3. Artistic Progression:

   • Continuous Development: Riegl believed in the continuous development of artistic forms and styles. He rejected the notion of linear progress and advocated for an understanding of art that recognizes the unique characteristics of each historical period.

4. The Concept of Kunstwollen in Practice:

   • Stilfragen (Problems of Style): In his influential work “Stilfragen,” Riegl applied his concept of Kunstwollen to analyze the development of artistic styles in different periods.

5. The Value of the “Late Style”:

   • He argued that even in periods of decline, there is a conscious continuation of artistic traditions.

6. Monumental and Ornamental Art:

   • Monumental and Ornamental Tendencies: Riegl distinguished between “monumental” and “ornamental” artistic tendencies. Monumental art, associated with periods of cultural confidence, emphasized the importance of the individual artist. Ornamental art, linked to times of cultural crisis, tended to emphasize collective traditions and patterns.

7. Empathy and Objectivity:

   • Empathy in Art History: Riegl emphasized the importance of empathy in understanding art. He believed that art historians should strive to comprehend the artistic intentions of past cultures.
   • Objectivity through Understanding: Riegl argued that true objectivity could be achieved through a deep understanding of the Kunstwollen.

Alois Riegl’s theory of history, with its focus on the Kunstwollen of different epochs, challenged traditional notions of artistic progress and offered a nuanced understanding of how art reflects the cultural and historical conditions of its time.